Each one of the ten stories in this collection presents a different take on what the next ten, twenty or even several hundred years might bring. In these futures you will find humour, sadness and strange, disturbing landscapes.
The Ten Stories are:-
Msg 28 11 2046
DIY History
Freelegging
Understanding the Rain
Zero Tolerance
The Future is Now
Working for You
The New Black
Mean Streets
Minus 27 degree in the Afternoon
Saturday, February 24, 2007
Aristotle On Friendship
FRIENDSHIP is a kind of virtue, or implies virtue, and it is also most necessary for living. Nobody would choose to live without friends even if he had all the other good things.
There are, however, not a few divergent views about friendship. Some hold that it is a matter of similarity: that our friends are those who are like ourselves. Others take the contrary view.
Three kinds of friendship
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent things: it changes according to circumstances. So with the disappearance of the ground for friendship, the friendship also breaks up, because that was what kept it alive.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interest is in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.
And perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. For these people each alike wish good for the other qua good, and they are good in themselves.
And it is those who desire the good of their friends for the friends' sake that are most truly friends, because each loves the other for what he is, and not for any incidental quality.
There are, however, not a few divergent views about friendship. Some hold that it is a matter of similarity: that our friends are those who are like ourselves. Others take the contrary view.
Three kinds of friendship
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent things: it changes according to circumstances. So with the disappearance of the ground for friendship, the friendship also breaks up, because that was what kept it alive.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interest is in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.
And perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. For these people each alike wish good for the other qua good, and they are good in themselves.
And it is those who desire the good of their friends for the friends' sake that are most truly friends, because each loves the other for what he is, and not for any incidental quality.
Last Orders - Graham Swift
Winner of the 1996 Booker Prize, and now a major film starring Bob Hoskins, Ray Winstone, David Hemmings, Tom Courtenay, Helen Mirren and Michael Caine.
Story In Brief
Four Men - Ray, Vince, Victor & Lenny - once close to Jack Dodds, a London butcher, meet to carry out his peculiar last wish: to have his ashes scattered into the sea. For reasons best known to herself, Jack's widow, Amy, declines to join them. On the surface a tale of a simple if increasingly bizarre day's outing, Last Orders is Graham Swift's most poignant exploration of the complexity and courage of ordinary lives.
Story In Brief
Four Men - Ray, Vince, Victor & Lenny - once close to Jack Dodds, a London butcher, meet to carry out his peculiar last wish: to have his ashes scattered into the sea. For reasons best known to herself, Jack's widow, Amy, declines to join them. On the surface a tale of a simple if increasingly bizarre day's outing, Last Orders is Graham Swift's most poignant exploration of the complexity and courage of ordinary lives.
Tuesday, February 20, 2007
My Super Hero
My Super Hero is the one who has all these qualities mentioned below :-
Sunny Deol's real like muscles
Ajay Devgan's eyes
Akshay Kumar like smartness
Shah Rukh's sentiments
Hrithik Roshan's dancing skills
Aamir Khan's self-confidence
Saif's comedian attitude
Salman like handsome
Akshay Khanna's patience
Sanjay Dutt munnabhai attitude
John Abraham's physique
Is anyone out there for me :) ?
Sunny Deol's real like muscles
Ajay Devgan's eyes
Akshay Kumar like smartness
Shah Rukh's sentiments
Hrithik Roshan's dancing skills
Aamir Khan's self-confidence
Saif's comedian attitude
Salman like handsome
Akshay Khanna's patience
Sanjay Dutt munnabhai attitude
John Abraham's physique
Is anyone out there for me :) ?
Major Indian Languages
Here is a list of those Indian languages spoken by more than a million people. English is spoken as a second language by more than ten million Indians. This data has been extracted from the Ethnologue database.
ASSAMESE 14,604,000 in India (1994 IMA); a few in Bangladesh (1991 D. Barrett SB). Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh. Also in Bhutan. State language of Assam. Bengali script.
AWADHI 20,000,000 in India (1951 census); 540,000 in Nepal (1993 Johnstone); 20,316,950 in all countries. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, Delhi. Awadhi is the standard for literature. There is considerable epic literature. "Kosali" is a name used for the Eastern Hindi group. Caribbean Hindi is related to Awadhi.
BAGRI 1,721,000 in India (1994 IMA); 200,000 in Pakistan (1993); 1,921,000 in all countries. Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh. Nomadic between Pakistan and India.
BENGALI 67,200,000 in India (1994 IMA); 100,000,000 in Bangladesh (1994 UBS); 70,000 in United Arab Emirates (1986); 600 in Singapore; 189,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). West Bengal and neighboring states. State language of West Bengal. Bengali script.
BHILI 1,600,000 (1986 MARC); 5,624,000 including languages in the Bhil group (1994 IMA). Kotvali 12,688 (1994 IMA). Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu, Kashmir, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura; mountainous areas. Connecting link between Gujarati and Rajasthani. 'Bhil' is an ethnic designation.
BHOJPURI 23,375,000 in India (1994 IMA); 1,370,000 in Nepal (1993); 25,000,000 in all countries. Bihar Purnea area, Assam, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. The cover term "Bihari" is used for Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi. Kaithi script.
CHHATTISGARHI 10,985,000 including 10,910,000 Chattisgarhi (1994 IMA), 75,156 Laria (1994 IMA). Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, and possibly in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tripura. Devanagari script. Used in newspapers, radio, TV. Speakers use Hindi or Oriya as second languages.
DECCAN 10,709,800 (1990). Central Maharashtra, Deccan Plateau. Distinct from Deccan (Dakhini, Mirgan) dialect of Urdu.
DOGRI-KANGRI 2,095,280, including 2,005,000 Dogri (1994 IMA), 90,279 Kangri (1994 IMA). The home area is in the outer hills and strip of plain in Jammu and Kashmir between the Ravi and Chenab Rivers. Central states from north to south; West Bengal, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh (Kangra and Hamirpur districts). Urdu (middle aged and older), Hindi (school, shops, cities), and Punjabi (shops) are spoken as additional languages for certain purposes. Radio programs.
GARHWALI 2,081,756 (1994 IMA). Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh.
GUJARATI 43,312,000 in India (1994 IMA); 140,000 in United Kingdom (1979 Wagner and Dayton); 6,203 in Fiji; 9,600 in Zimbabwe (1973); 12,000 in Zambia (1985); 147,000 in Uganda (1986); 5,000 in Malawi (1993); 50,000 in Kenya (1995); 800 in Singapore (1985); 44,000,000 in all countries. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh. Also in Bangladesh, South Africa, Pakistan, Reunion. State language of Gujarat. Gujarati script.
HARYANVI 13,000,000 or 85% of Haryan population of 16,000,000 (1992 SIL), including 102,348 Haryanvi proper (1994 IMA); 154,340 Mewati (1994 IMA). Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. "Bangru" now used for speakers in Jind area. "Khadar" is used by speakers in Jind to refer to the speech of Rohtak and Sonepat. "Bagdi" is the variety used around Fatehabad and Sirsa, and south of Bhiwani (distinct from the Wagdi language in southern Rajasthan). Intelligibility among dialects is good, but not intelligible with Hindi, the closest language. Speakers of all ages. Hindi is used as second language; some bilingual ability in all social groups for education and contact with non-Haryanvi speakers.
HINDI 180,000,000 in India (1991 UBS); 346,513,000 or nearly 50% including second language users in India (1994 IMA); 346,000 in Bangladesh (1993); 26,253 in USA (1970 census); 685,170 in Mauritius; 890,292 in South Africa; 232,760 in Yemen; 147,000 in Uganda; 5,000 in Singapore; 2,900 in Nepal; 11,200 in New Zealand (1987); 24,500 in Germany (1984 Time); 182,000,000 in all countries or more. 418,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Throughout northern India. Also in Kenya, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. Hindi, Hindustani, Urdu could be considered co-dialects, but have important sociolinguistic differences. Hindi uses the Devanagari writing system, and formal vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Literary Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four varieties: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh. Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Bangaru, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli.
HO 1,026,000 in India (1994 IMA); 444,000 in Singhbhum, Devanagari script area; 203,000 in Orissa, Oriya script area (1990 UBS). Mainly in Singhbhum District of Bihar, and Mayurbhanj and Koenjhar districts of Orissa. Also in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Language use is vigorous in home and community in most areas. Oriya, Santali, and Hindi are used in limited domains. Grammar, dictionary. "Kherwari" (Khanwar, Kharar, Kharoali, Kharwari) is a group name for Ho, Mundari, and Santhali, which are closely related languages, and some other smaller languages or dialects. Distinct from Ho (Hani) of Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Laos.
KANAUJI 6,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Uttar Pradesh.
KANNADA 33,663,000 (1994 IMA); 44,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra. State language of Karnataka. Kannada script; similar to Telugu script.
KASHMIRI 4,161,000 in India (1994 IMA); 105,000 in Pakistan (1993); 115,000 in United Kingdom (1991); 4,381,000 in all countries. Jammu and Kashmir (52.29% of the population), Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Kashmir Valley. Literature can be traced to the 1400's, and poetry is important. Persian-based script. Not used in primary education. Urdu and English are used as second languages.
KHANDESI 2,246,105 including 742,111 Ahirani (1994 IMA), 1,503,994 Khandesi (1994 IMA). Maharashtra, Gujarat.
KONKANI 2,056,841 in all countries (1994 IMA). North and central coastal strip of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Kerala.
KONKANI (GOANESE) 2,000,000 in all countries (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin); 3,900 in Kenya (1987). Southern coastal strip of Maharashtra, primarily in the districts of Ratnagari and Goa; also Karnataka and Kerala. Also in United Arab Emirates. Daldi and Chitapavani are transitional dialects between Goanese and Standard Konkani.
KUMAONI 2,013,000 in India (1994 IMA). Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon; Maharashtra, Nagaland. Also in Nepal.
KURUX 1,747,000 in India (1994 IMA); 2,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, West Bengal, Orissa. Also in Bangladesh. Related to Malto. Distinct from Nepali Kurux.
LAMANI 1,961,000 (1994 IMA), plus 769,120 Banjari. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal. "Gormati" is self name. Each of the three dialects needs a different script: Maharashtra uses Devanagari script, Karnatak uses Kannada script, Andhra Pradesh uses Telugu script.
MAGAHI 10,821,000 (1994 IMA). Southern districts of Bihar, eastern Patna district, northern Chotanagpur district, and Malda district of West Bengal. Also used as a religious language.
MAITHILI 22,000,000 in India including Dahati (1981); 2,260,000 in Nepal (1993); 24,260,000 in all countries. Bihar, Delhi, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal. There is a Maithili Academy. Dictionary.
MALAYALAM 33,667,000 in India (1994 IMA); 300,000 in United Arab Emirates (1986); 37,000 in Malaysia; 10,000 in Singapore (1987); 313 in Fiji; 34,014,000 in all countries. Kerala, Laccadive Islands, and neighboring states. Also in United Kingdom, Bahrain, Qatar. State language of Kerala. Malayalam script.
MALVI 1,050,000 (1994 IMA). Northwest Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat. Considered the standard dialect of south-eastern Rajasthani.
MARATHI 64,783,000 (1994 IMA). Maharashtra and adjacent states. The dialect situation throughout the greater Marathi speaking area is complex. Dialects bordering other major language areas share many features with those languages. See separate entries for dialects or closely related languages: Konkani, Goanese, Deccan, Varhadi, Nagpuri, Ikrani, Gowlan. State language of Maharashtra. Devanagari script.
MARWARI 12,104,000 Marwari, Rajasthani, and Mewari (1994 IMA). Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. The standard form of Rajasthani. 23 dialects. Different from Marwari of Pakistan, and from Mewati, dialect of Haryanvi. Devanagari script.
MEITHEI 1,252,000, including 1,181,000 Meithei in India (1994 IMA), 71,414 Bishnupuriya (1994 IMA); 92,800 in Bangladesh; 6,000 in Myanmar (1931); 1,351,000 in all countries. Assam, Manipur, Kankan; Nagaland, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 7 clans (Ningthonia, Luwang, Angom, Moirang, Khabanaganba, Chonglei). They had an earlier script called "Meithei Mayek".
MUNDARI 1,467,515 in India (1994 IMA), including 973,000 Mundari, 494,515 Munda; 5,700 in Nepal (1993); 1,473,000 or more in all countries. Assam, mainly in southern and western parts of Ranchi district in Bihar. Also in Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tripura, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Also in Bangladesh. Closely related to Ho and Santali, but a separate language.
NEPALI 6,000,000 in India (1984 Far Eastern Economic Review); 300,000 in Bhutan (1973 Dorji); 9,900,800 in Nepal (1993); 16,200,000 in all countries. West Bengal, Darjeeling area, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.
NIMADI 1,295,000 (1994 IMA). Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra.
ORIYA 30,158,000 in India (1994 IMA); 13,299 in Bangladesh (1961 census); 31,000,000 in all countries. Orissa, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh. Some of the larger dialects have many subdialects. State language of Orissa. Oriya script.
PUNJABI 25,690,000 in India (1994 IMA); 43,000 in Malaysia (1993); 10,000 in Kenya (1995); 9,677 in Bangladesh (1961 census); 1,167 in Fiji; 25,700,000 in all countries. Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir. Also in United Arab Emirates, Singapore, United Kingdom. Gurmukhi script.
SADRI 1,861,965 including 1,315,710 Sadani (1994 IMA), 546,255 Nagpuria (1994 IMA); 200,000 in Bangladesh (1993); 2,062,000. Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andaman Islands, Nagaland. Hindi, Oriya, and Bengali are used as official languages. Dictionary. Language of wider communication among tribal groups. Devanagari script.
SANTHALI 5,675,000 in India (1994 IMA); 100,000 in Bangladesh (1983 UBS); 40,000 in Nepal (1985); 5,800,000 in all countries. Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Tripura, West Bengal. Also in Bhutan. Closely related to Ho and Mundari, but a separate language.
SINDHI 2,678,000 in India (1986 MARC); 16,992,000 in Pakistan (1993); 5,000 in Singapore (1993); 19,675,000 in all countries. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. Also in Afghanistan. Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts used.
TAMIL 58,597,000 in India (1994 IMA); 3,000,000 in Sri Lanka (1993); 250,000 in South Africa; 274,218 in Malaysia (1970 census); 191,200 in Singapore (1980); 35,000 in Germany; 7,000 in Netherlands; 22,000 in Mauritius (1993); 6,663 in Fiji; 62,000,000 or more in all countries first language speakers; 69,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Tamil Nadu and neighboring states. Also in Bahrain, Qatar, Reunion, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. State language of Tamil Nadu. Tamil script.
TELUGU 66,318,000 in India (1994 IMA); 30,000 in Malaysia (1993); 2,008 in Fiji; 300 in Singapore (1970); 73,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Andhra Pradesh and neighboring states. Also in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates. State language of Andhra Pradesh. Telugu script.
TULU 1,856,000 (1994 IMA). Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Meghalaya.
URDU 45,773,000 in India (1994 IMA); 8,000,000 in Pakistan (1988); 3,562 in Fiji; 170,000 in South Africa; 30,000 in Oman; 20,000 in Bahrain; 19,950 in Qatar; 16,800 in Germany; 54,000,000 or more in all countries. Jammu and Kashmir and by Muslims in many parts of India. Also in Afghanistan, USA. "Dakhini" is freer of Persian and Arabic loans than Urdu. Both are written in Arabic script. "Rekhta" is a form of Urdu used in poetry. State language and medium of instruction in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir.
[ Last Updated Jul 04, 2000 ]
ASSAMESE 14,604,000 in India (1994 IMA); a few in Bangladesh (1991 D. Barrett SB). Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh. Also in Bhutan. State language of Assam. Bengali script.
AWADHI 20,000,000 in India (1951 census); 540,000 in Nepal (1993 Johnstone); 20,316,950 in all countries. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, Delhi. Awadhi is the standard for literature. There is considerable epic literature. "Kosali" is a name used for the Eastern Hindi group. Caribbean Hindi is related to Awadhi.
BAGRI 1,721,000 in India (1994 IMA); 200,000 in Pakistan (1993); 1,921,000 in all countries. Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh. Nomadic between Pakistan and India.
BENGALI 67,200,000 in India (1994 IMA); 100,000,000 in Bangladesh (1994 UBS); 70,000 in United Arab Emirates (1986); 600 in Singapore; 189,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). West Bengal and neighboring states. State language of West Bengal. Bengali script.
BHILI 1,600,000 (1986 MARC); 5,624,000 including languages in the Bhil group (1994 IMA). Kotvali 12,688 (1994 IMA). Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu, Kashmir, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura; mountainous areas. Connecting link between Gujarati and Rajasthani. 'Bhil' is an ethnic designation.
BHOJPURI 23,375,000 in India (1994 IMA); 1,370,000 in Nepal (1993); 25,000,000 in all countries. Bihar Purnea area, Assam, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. The cover term "Bihari" is used for Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi. Kaithi script.
CHHATTISGARHI 10,985,000 including 10,910,000 Chattisgarhi (1994 IMA), 75,156 Laria (1994 IMA). Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, and possibly in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tripura. Devanagari script. Used in newspapers, radio, TV. Speakers use Hindi or Oriya as second languages.
DECCAN 10,709,800 (1990). Central Maharashtra, Deccan Plateau. Distinct from Deccan (Dakhini, Mirgan) dialect of Urdu.
DOGRI-KANGRI 2,095,280, including 2,005,000 Dogri (1994 IMA), 90,279 Kangri (1994 IMA). The home area is in the outer hills and strip of plain in Jammu and Kashmir between the Ravi and Chenab Rivers. Central states from north to south; West Bengal, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh (Kangra and Hamirpur districts). Urdu (middle aged and older), Hindi (school, shops, cities), and Punjabi (shops) are spoken as additional languages for certain purposes. Radio programs.
GARHWALI 2,081,756 (1994 IMA). Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh.
GUJARATI 43,312,000 in India (1994 IMA); 140,000 in United Kingdom (1979 Wagner and Dayton); 6,203 in Fiji; 9,600 in Zimbabwe (1973); 12,000 in Zambia (1985); 147,000 in Uganda (1986); 5,000 in Malawi (1993); 50,000 in Kenya (1995); 800 in Singapore (1985); 44,000,000 in all countries. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh. Also in Bangladesh, South Africa, Pakistan, Reunion. State language of Gujarat. Gujarati script.
HARYANVI 13,000,000 or 85% of Haryan population of 16,000,000 (1992 SIL), including 102,348 Haryanvi proper (1994 IMA); 154,340 Mewati (1994 IMA). Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. "Bangru" now used for speakers in Jind area. "Khadar" is used by speakers in Jind to refer to the speech of Rohtak and Sonepat. "Bagdi" is the variety used around Fatehabad and Sirsa, and south of Bhiwani (distinct from the Wagdi language in southern Rajasthan). Intelligibility among dialects is good, but not intelligible with Hindi, the closest language. Speakers of all ages. Hindi is used as second language; some bilingual ability in all social groups for education and contact with non-Haryanvi speakers.
HINDI 180,000,000 in India (1991 UBS); 346,513,000 or nearly 50% including second language users in India (1994 IMA); 346,000 in Bangladesh (1993); 26,253 in USA (1970 census); 685,170 in Mauritius; 890,292 in South Africa; 232,760 in Yemen; 147,000 in Uganda; 5,000 in Singapore; 2,900 in Nepal; 11,200 in New Zealand (1987); 24,500 in Germany (1984 Time); 182,000,000 in all countries or more. 418,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Throughout northern India. Also in Kenya, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. Hindi, Hindustani, Urdu could be considered co-dialects, but have important sociolinguistic differences. Hindi uses the Devanagari writing system, and formal vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Literary Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four varieties: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh. Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Bangaru, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli.
HO 1,026,000 in India (1994 IMA); 444,000 in Singhbhum, Devanagari script area; 203,000 in Orissa, Oriya script area (1990 UBS). Mainly in Singhbhum District of Bihar, and Mayurbhanj and Koenjhar districts of Orissa. Also in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Language use is vigorous in home and community in most areas. Oriya, Santali, and Hindi are used in limited domains. Grammar, dictionary. "Kherwari" (Khanwar, Kharar, Kharoali, Kharwari) is a group name for Ho, Mundari, and Santhali, which are closely related languages, and some other smaller languages or dialects. Distinct from Ho (Hani) of Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Laos.
KANAUJI 6,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Uttar Pradesh.
KANNADA 33,663,000 (1994 IMA); 44,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra. State language of Karnataka. Kannada script; similar to Telugu script.
KASHMIRI 4,161,000 in India (1994 IMA); 105,000 in Pakistan (1993); 115,000 in United Kingdom (1991); 4,381,000 in all countries. Jammu and Kashmir (52.29% of the population), Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Kashmir Valley. Literature can be traced to the 1400's, and poetry is important. Persian-based script. Not used in primary education. Urdu and English are used as second languages.
KHANDESI 2,246,105 including 742,111 Ahirani (1994 IMA), 1,503,994 Khandesi (1994 IMA). Maharashtra, Gujarat.
KONKANI 2,056,841 in all countries (1994 IMA). North and central coastal strip of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Kerala.
KONKANI (GOANESE) 2,000,000 in all countries (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin); 3,900 in Kenya (1987). Southern coastal strip of Maharashtra, primarily in the districts of Ratnagari and Goa; also Karnataka and Kerala. Also in United Arab Emirates. Daldi and Chitapavani are transitional dialects between Goanese and Standard Konkani.
KUMAONI 2,013,000 in India (1994 IMA). Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon; Maharashtra, Nagaland. Also in Nepal.
KURUX 1,747,000 in India (1994 IMA); 2,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, West Bengal, Orissa. Also in Bangladesh. Related to Malto. Distinct from Nepali Kurux.
LAMANI 1,961,000 (1994 IMA), plus 769,120 Banjari. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal. "Gormati" is self name. Each of the three dialects needs a different script: Maharashtra uses Devanagari script, Karnatak uses Kannada script, Andhra Pradesh uses Telugu script.
MAGAHI 10,821,000 (1994 IMA). Southern districts of Bihar, eastern Patna district, northern Chotanagpur district, and Malda district of West Bengal. Also used as a religious language.
MAITHILI 22,000,000 in India including Dahati (1981); 2,260,000 in Nepal (1993); 24,260,000 in all countries. Bihar, Delhi, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal. There is a Maithili Academy. Dictionary.
MALAYALAM 33,667,000 in India (1994 IMA); 300,000 in United Arab Emirates (1986); 37,000 in Malaysia; 10,000 in Singapore (1987); 313 in Fiji; 34,014,000 in all countries. Kerala, Laccadive Islands, and neighboring states. Also in United Kingdom, Bahrain, Qatar. State language of Kerala. Malayalam script.
MALVI 1,050,000 (1994 IMA). Northwest Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat. Considered the standard dialect of south-eastern Rajasthani.
MARATHI 64,783,000 (1994 IMA). Maharashtra and adjacent states. The dialect situation throughout the greater Marathi speaking area is complex. Dialects bordering other major language areas share many features with those languages. See separate entries for dialects or closely related languages: Konkani, Goanese, Deccan, Varhadi, Nagpuri, Ikrani, Gowlan. State language of Maharashtra. Devanagari script.
MARWARI 12,104,000 Marwari, Rajasthani, and Mewari (1994 IMA). Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. The standard form of Rajasthani. 23 dialects. Different from Marwari of Pakistan, and from Mewati, dialect of Haryanvi. Devanagari script.
MEITHEI 1,252,000, including 1,181,000 Meithei in India (1994 IMA), 71,414 Bishnupuriya (1994 IMA); 92,800 in Bangladesh; 6,000 in Myanmar (1931); 1,351,000 in all countries. Assam, Manipur, Kankan; Nagaland, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 7 clans (Ningthonia, Luwang, Angom, Moirang, Khabanaganba, Chonglei). They had an earlier script called "Meithei Mayek".
MUNDARI 1,467,515 in India (1994 IMA), including 973,000 Mundari, 494,515 Munda; 5,700 in Nepal (1993); 1,473,000 or more in all countries. Assam, mainly in southern and western parts of Ranchi district in Bihar. Also in Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tripura, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Also in Bangladesh. Closely related to Ho and Santali, but a separate language.
NEPALI 6,000,000 in India (1984 Far Eastern Economic Review); 300,000 in Bhutan (1973 Dorji); 9,900,800 in Nepal (1993); 16,200,000 in all countries. West Bengal, Darjeeling area, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.
NIMADI 1,295,000 (1994 IMA). Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra.
ORIYA 30,158,000 in India (1994 IMA); 13,299 in Bangladesh (1961 census); 31,000,000 in all countries. Orissa, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh. Some of the larger dialects have many subdialects. State language of Orissa. Oriya script.
PUNJABI 25,690,000 in India (1994 IMA); 43,000 in Malaysia (1993); 10,000 in Kenya (1995); 9,677 in Bangladesh (1961 census); 1,167 in Fiji; 25,700,000 in all countries. Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir. Also in United Arab Emirates, Singapore, United Kingdom. Gurmukhi script.
SADRI 1,861,965 including 1,315,710 Sadani (1994 IMA), 546,255 Nagpuria (1994 IMA); 200,000 in Bangladesh (1993); 2,062,000. Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andaman Islands, Nagaland. Hindi, Oriya, and Bengali are used as official languages. Dictionary. Language of wider communication among tribal groups. Devanagari script.
SANTHALI 5,675,000 in India (1994 IMA); 100,000 in Bangladesh (1983 UBS); 40,000 in Nepal (1985); 5,800,000 in all countries. Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Tripura, West Bengal. Also in Bhutan. Closely related to Ho and Mundari, but a separate language.
SINDHI 2,678,000 in India (1986 MARC); 16,992,000 in Pakistan (1993); 5,000 in Singapore (1993); 19,675,000 in all countries. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. Also in Afghanistan. Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts used.
TAMIL 58,597,000 in India (1994 IMA); 3,000,000 in Sri Lanka (1993); 250,000 in South Africa; 274,218 in Malaysia (1970 census); 191,200 in Singapore (1980); 35,000 in Germany; 7,000 in Netherlands; 22,000 in Mauritius (1993); 6,663 in Fiji; 62,000,000 or more in all countries first language speakers; 69,000,000 including second language users (1995 WA). Tamil Nadu and neighboring states. Also in Bahrain, Qatar, Reunion, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom. State language of Tamil Nadu. Tamil script.
TELUGU 66,318,000 in India (1994 IMA); 30,000 in Malaysia (1993); 2,008 in Fiji; 300 in Singapore (1970); 73,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Andhra Pradesh and neighboring states. Also in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates. State language of Andhra Pradesh. Telugu script.
TULU 1,856,000 (1994 IMA). Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Meghalaya.
URDU 45,773,000 in India (1994 IMA); 8,000,000 in Pakistan (1988); 3,562 in Fiji; 170,000 in South Africa; 30,000 in Oman; 20,000 in Bahrain; 19,950 in Qatar; 16,800 in Germany; 54,000,000 or more in all countries. Jammu and Kashmir and by Muslims in many parts of India. Also in Afghanistan, USA. "Dakhini" is freer of Persian and Arabic loans than Urdu. Both are written in Arabic script. "Rekhta" is a form of Urdu used in poetry. State language and medium of instruction in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir.
[ Last Updated Jul 04, 2000 ]
Do You Drive Any Of These Cars ?
Accent(CLE)
Alto
Astra_1.7_TD
Audi A4
Audi Q7
Audi A 8L Quattro
Baleno
Bentley
BMW 740 Li
Esteem VX
Ford Endeavour
Fiat
Hyundai
Honda Accord V6
Honda CRV
Lancer
Maruti Suzuki
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Pajero 2.8 CRZ (4*4)
Mercedes-Benz
Omni E
Opel
Porsche
Renault Logan MCV (Multi Convivial Vehicle)
Rolls Royce Phantom
Santro
Sonata Gold
Skoda Superb
Skoda Laura
Toyota Camry
Wagon R
Zen-VX
If Not, Then Let Me Know Which One Do You Drive ?
Alto
Astra_1.7_TD
Audi A4
Audi Q7
Audi A 8L Quattro
Baleno
Bentley
BMW 740 Li
Esteem VX
Ford Endeavour
Fiat
Hyundai
Honda Accord V6
Honda CRV
Lancer
Maruti Suzuki
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Pajero 2.8 CRZ (4*4)
Mercedes-Benz
Omni E
Opel
Porsche
Renault Logan MCV (Multi Convivial Vehicle)
Rolls Royce Phantom
Santro
Sonata Gold
Skoda Superb
Skoda Laura
Toyota Camry
Wagon R
Zen-VX
If Not, Then Let Me Know Which One Do You Drive ?
What Is The Secret Of Success ?
I found the answer in my room.
The fan said BE COOL.
The roof said AIM HIGH.
The window said TAKE PAINS.
The clock said EVERY MINUTE IS PRECIOUS.
The mirror said REFLECT BEFORE U ACT.
The calendar said BE UPTO DATE.
The door said PUSH.
The lamp said MAKE THE LIGHT OF UR FUTURE.
The fan said BE COOL.
The roof said AIM HIGH.
The window said TAKE PAINS.
The clock said EVERY MINUTE IS PRECIOUS.
The mirror said REFLECT BEFORE U ACT.
The calendar said BE UPTO DATE.
The door said PUSH.
The lamp said MAKE THE LIGHT OF UR FUTURE.
Seven Steps To Happiness
1. Never Hate
2. Don't worry
3. Live Simple
4. Expect a Little
5. Give a Lot
6. Always smile
7. Have a friend
2. Don't worry
3. Live Simple
4. Expect a Little
5. Give a Lot
6. Always smile
7. Have a friend
Proving Yourself
After digging to a depth of 100m,
Russian scientists found traces of copper wire dating 1000yrs, and came to the conclusion that their ancestors already had a telephone network one Thousand years ago.
So, not to be outdone, in the weeks that followed,
American scientists dug 200m and headlines in the US papers read: "US scientists have found traces of 2000 yr old OPTICAL FIBERS, and have concluded that their ancestors already had advanced high-tech digital telephone 1000 yrs earlier than the Russians."
One week later,
the Indian newspapers reported the following! : "After digging as deep as 500m, Indian scientists have found absolutely NOTHING. They have concluded that 5000 years ago, their Ancestors were already using WIRELESS technology.
Russian scientists found traces of copper wire dating 1000yrs, and came to the conclusion that their ancestors already had a telephone network one Thousand years ago.
So, not to be outdone, in the weeks that followed,
American scientists dug 200m and headlines in the US papers read: "US scientists have found traces of 2000 yr old OPTICAL FIBERS, and have concluded that their ancestors already had advanced high-tech digital telephone 1000 yrs earlier than the Russians."
One week later,
the Indian newspapers reported the following! : "After digging as deep as 500m, Indian scientists have found absolutely NOTHING. They have concluded that 5000 years ago, their Ancestors were already using WIRELESS technology.
Very Nice & Touchy
Three friends were working in a same office & lived in a same flat which is in the 110th floor in New York City.
One day while they were returning from their office the lift was not working. So they decided to climb by foot to their 110th floor.
To pass the time & not get bored they agreed to tell some story, that 1st person should tell a story about a war, 2nd person a romance & 3rd person a very sad story.
First person told about US & Vietnam War they reached 50th floor,
Second person completed his romance story when they reached 109th floor.
Now it's turn for the third person to tell a very sad story.
He told "I have forgotten to bring the Flat Key".
One day while they were returning from their office the lift was not working. So they decided to climb by foot to their 110th floor.
To pass the time & not get bored they agreed to tell some story, that 1st person should tell a story about a war, 2nd person a romance & 3rd person a very sad story.
First person told about US & Vietnam War they reached 50th floor,
Second person completed his romance story when they reached 109th floor.
Now it's turn for the third person to tell a very sad story.
He told "I have forgotten to bring the Flat Key".
Monday, February 19, 2007
Cheap - The Real Cost Of The Global Trend For Bargains, Discounts And Consumer Choice - David Bosshart
About The Author
Dr David Bosshart is the CEO of the Gottlieb-Duttweiler Institute in Switzerland and an international lecturer on consumer trends, retail analysis and social change. He is also the author of Cult Marketing and The Future of the consumer society.
What The Book Talks About
In most developed countries in almost every trade sector, prices have decreased considerably over the last few years-in some cases, by more than 20 percent. The choice of products on offer is immense, and customers are inundated with a vast range of goods, costing very little money.
In this compelling, powerful and shocking account of society's greedy over-consumption, David Bosshart paints a bleak picture of our increasing obsession with cheap goods. He exposes the darker side of some of our favourite organizations such as easyJet, Wal-Mart, Aldi, Hennes and Mauritz, and Disney and reveals some substantial paradoxes in their business strategies.
David Bosshart leads us to question our pursuit of unbridled consumer choice and low prices, and the effect that it is having on the world's economies and societies. Can we rise to the challenge and overcome this obsession for cheap goods before its too late ?
The Author Concludes By Writing
We are approaching an age where, thanks to the Age of Cheap, we are learning a new normality. On the one hand, this 'new morality' means increasing price consciousness. An insecure economic climate and fewer certainties with respect to our own future render a certain basic caution advisable. It is clear that this in itself can lead to paradox and paradoxical behaviour-we buy too much of things we don't need just because the price is low at the moment and are too afraid to take even reasonable risks.
On the other hand, increasing price consciousness means a greater need for simplicity. We only feel that we decide our own fate, have everything under control and are not simply being steamrollered by things if we can make quick, uncomplicated decisions. Too much complexity, too many products on offer and too much information produce customer confusion-it doesn't make us inclined to buy more. These are a few of the main reasons why discounting as a business model-even if, as is the case in Germany, the discounters will soon be jostling for position among themselves-can still be a pioneering example.
And lastly, more than ever before, customers need an emotional bond-they need to feel connected. The price is the most important instrument. But anyone who uses this instrument will in the end be forced to come up with something new at ever-shorter intervals. No other instrument is perceived with such acuity by the customer as the price. And no other instrument is more exciting when it is wielded as a weapon.
Dr David Bosshart is the CEO of the Gottlieb-Duttweiler Institute in Switzerland and an international lecturer on consumer trends, retail analysis and social change. He is also the author of Cult Marketing and The Future of the consumer society.
What The Book Talks About
In most developed countries in almost every trade sector, prices have decreased considerably over the last few years-in some cases, by more than 20 percent. The choice of products on offer is immense, and customers are inundated with a vast range of goods, costing very little money.
In this compelling, powerful and shocking account of society's greedy over-consumption, David Bosshart paints a bleak picture of our increasing obsession with cheap goods. He exposes the darker side of some of our favourite organizations such as easyJet, Wal-Mart, Aldi, Hennes and Mauritz, and Disney and reveals some substantial paradoxes in their business strategies.
David Bosshart leads us to question our pursuit of unbridled consumer choice and low prices, and the effect that it is having on the world's economies and societies. Can we rise to the challenge and overcome this obsession for cheap goods before its too late ?
The Author Concludes By Writing
We are approaching an age where, thanks to the Age of Cheap, we are learning a new normality. On the one hand, this 'new morality' means increasing price consciousness. An insecure economic climate and fewer certainties with respect to our own future render a certain basic caution advisable. It is clear that this in itself can lead to paradox and paradoxical behaviour-we buy too much of things we don't need just because the price is low at the moment and are too afraid to take even reasonable risks.
On the other hand, increasing price consciousness means a greater need for simplicity. We only feel that we decide our own fate, have everything under control and are not simply being steamrollered by things if we can make quick, uncomplicated decisions. Too much complexity, too many products on offer and too much information produce customer confusion-it doesn't make us inclined to buy more. These are a few of the main reasons why discounting as a business model-even if, as is the case in Germany, the discounters will soon be jostling for position among themselves-can still be a pioneering example.
And lastly, more than ever before, customers need an emotional bond-they need to feel connected. The price is the most important instrument. But anyone who uses this instrument will in the end be forced to come up with something new at ever-shorter intervals. No other instrument is perceived with such acuity by the customer as the price. And no other instrument is more exciting when it is wielded as a weapon.
The List Of Books/Novels Read By Me In The Year 2007
(1) Call The Dying - Andrew Taylor (Fiction)
(2) Cheap - The Real Cost Of The Global Trend For Bargains, Discounts And Consumer Choice - David Bosshart - A Must Read
(3) Last Orders - Graham Swift (Fiction) - The Booker Prize Winning Novel (1996) - Now A Major Film
(4) Alt-Future - QueenSpark Publishers (Fiction)
(5) The Moneychangers - Arthur Hailey (Fiction) - Good One
(6) Sense and Sensibility - Jane Austen (Fiction)
(7) Northanger Abbey - Jane Austen (Fiction)
(8) The Thousand Faces Of Night - Githa Hariharan (Fiction) - Winner Of The Commonwealth Writers Prize For The Best First Novel (1993)
(9) Born Free - Laura Hird (Fiction)
(2) Cheap - The Real Cost Of The Global Trend For Bargains, Discounts And Consumer Choice - David Bosshart - A Must Read
(3) Last Orders - Graham Swift (Fiction) - The Booker Prize Winning Novel (1996) - Now A Major Film
(4) Alt-Future - QueenSpark Publishers (Fiction)
(5) The Moneychangers - Arthur Hailey (Fiction) - Good One
(6) Sense and Sensibility - Jane Austen (Fiction)
(7) Northanger Abbey - Jane Austen (Fiction)
(8) The Thousand Faces Of Night - Githa Hariharan (Fiction) - Winner Of The Commonwealth Writers Prize For The Best First Novel (1993)
(9) Born Free - Laura Hird (Fiction)
(10) The One Minute Manager - Ken Blanchard and Spencer Johnson - A Must Read
A Gift
A gift should always be something you don't need, but want. It should serve no practical purpose at all. In fact, it should be so impractical and whimsical that the recipient would never dream of buying it for himself/herself but is delighted that you thought of it.
But most important of all, a gift should show that you have put some thought and effort into it.
So, the next time you are out looking for a present, take a moment to stop and think about what your gift says. And if you don't like the sound of it, then for God's sake, buy something different.
But most important of all, a gift should show that you have put some thought and effort into it.
So, the next time you are out looking for a present, take a moment to stop and think about what your gift says. And if you don't like the sound of it, then for God's sake, buy something different.
Saturday, February 17, 2007
' I Love You ' with languages from the world
Portuguese : Eu te amo
Chinese : Wo ie ni
Mohawk : Konoronhkwa
Swahili : Nakupenda
Italian : Ti amo
Kannada : Naanu ninnanu preethisuthene
Greek : S' ayapo
Irish : Taim i' ngra leat
Persian : Tora dust midaram
English - I love you
Afrikaans - Ek het jou lief
Albanian - Te dua
Arabic - Ana behibak (to male)
Arabic - Ana behibek (to female)
Armenian - Yes kez sirumen
Bambara - M'bi fe
Bangla - Aamee tuma ke bhalo aashi
Belarusian - Ya tabe kahayu
Bisaya - Nahigugma ako kanimo
Bulgarian - Obicham te
Cambodian - Soro lahn nhee ah
Cantonese Chinese - Ngo oiy ney a
Catalan - T'estimo
Cheyenne - Ne mohotatse
Chichewa - Ndimakukonda
Corsican - Ti tengu caru (to male)
Creol - Mi aime jou
Croatian - Volim te
Czech - Miluji te
Danish - Jeg Elsker Dig
Dutch - Ik hou van jou
Esperanto - Mi amas vin
Estonian - Ma armastan sind
Ethiopian - Afgreki'
Faroese - Eg elski teg
Farsi - Doset daram
Filipi no - Mahal kita
Finnish - Mina rakastan sinua
French - Je t'aime, Je t'adore
Gaelic - Ta gra agam ort
Georgian - Mikvarhar
German - Ich liebe dich
Gujarati - Hoo thunay prem karoo ch
Chinese : Wo ie ni
Mohawk : Konoronhkwa
Swahili : Nakupenda
Italian : Ti amo
Kannada : Naanu ninnanu preethisuthene
Greek : S' ayapo
Irish : Taim i' ngra leat
Persian : Tora dust midaram
English - I love you
Afrikaans - Ek het jou lief
Albanian - Te dua
Arabic - Ana behibak (to male)
Arabic - Ana behibek (to female)
Armenian - Yes kez sirumen
Bambara - M'bi fe
Bangla - Aamee tuma ke bhalo aashi
Belarusian - Ya tabe kahayu
Bisaya - Nahigugma ako kanimo
Bulgarian - Obicham te
Cambodian - Soro lahn nhee ah
Cantonese Chinese - Ngo oiy ney a
Catalan - T'estimo
Cheyenne - Ne mohotatse
Chichewa - Ndimakukonda
Corsican - Ti tengu caru (to male)
Creol - Mi aime jou
Croatian - Volim te
Czech - Miluji te
Danish - Jeg Elsker Dig
Dutch - Ik hou van jou
Esperanto - Mi amas vin
Estonian - Ma armastan sind
Ethiopian - Afgreki'
Faroese - Eg elski teg
Farsi - Doset daram
Filipi no - Mahal kita
Finnish - Mina rakastan sinua
French - Je t'aime, Je t'adore
Gaelic - Ta gra agam ort
Georgian - Mikvarhar
German - Ich liebe dich
Gujarati - Hoo thunay prem karoo ch
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